Factores de riesgo maternos asociados con la muerte fetal tardía en el contexto santaclareño / Maternal risk factors associated with late fetal death in the Santa Clara context

Introducción: La muerte fetal es uno de los accidentes obstétricos más difíciles de enfrentar, tanto para la paciente y su familia como para el personal de salud que atiende a la gestante. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo maternos asociados con la muerte fetal tardía en el contexto santaclareño. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo en el municipio Santa Clara, provincia Villa Clara, en el período comprendido de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. La población estuvo conformada por 71 gestantes con fetos muertos en una etapa tardía y sus productos; en el análisis y procesamiento de los datos, se usó el software SPSS versión 20 para Windows. Resultados: Existió predominio de gestantes multíparas (56,3 %), en edad reproductiva óptima (69 %) y con uno a tres factores de riesgo (71,8 %). Conclusiones: Los factores maternos asociados con mayor frecuencia a la muerte fetal tardía pueden agruparse en: los vinculados a las enfermedades crónicas, en primer lugar la hipertensión arterial y en segundo el hipotiroidismo, y los relacionados con las afecciones del tracto genital, entre las que prevalece la vaginitis.

Introduction: fetal death is one of the most difficult obstetric accidents to face, both for patients and their families as well as for the health personnel who take care of the pregnant women. Objective: to identify the maternal risk factors associated with late fetal death in the Santa Clara context. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out in Santa Clara municipality, Villa Clara province, from January 2015 to December 2019. The population consisted of 71 pregnant women with late fetal demise and their products; the SPSS software version 20.0 for Windows was used in the data processing and analysis. Results: multiparous pregnant women predominated (56.3%), in optimal reproductive age (69%) and from one to three risk factors (71.8%). Conclusions: the most frequently maternal factors associated with late fetal death can be grouped into those that were linked to chronic diseases, firstly arterial hypertension and secondly hypothyroidism, and those related to disorders of the genital tract, among which vaginitis prevails.

Características poblacionales y placentarias asociadas a óbito en infección asintomática por SARS-CoV-2 / Population characteristics and placental findings associated with stillbirth in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar características poblacionales y hallazgos placentarios asociados a óbito, en mujeres con infección asintomática por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) al momento de la resolución del embarazo. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, mujeres con diagnóstico de óbito e infección asintomática por SARS-CoV-2. Se excluyeron pacientes con patología ginecológica y aquellas con más de una prueba RT-PCR. Resultados: No hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las pacientes con infección asintomática por SARS-CoV-2 comparadas con pacientes sin infección para las características poblacionales como edad materna, antecedentes obstétricos, edad gestacional, escolaridad, estado civil, hábito tabáquico y enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. Tampoco hubo diferencia en los hallazgos placentarios de corioamnionitis, vasculitis, deciduitis, trombosis, aterosis aguda y necrosis fibrinoide. Conclusiones: No hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las características poblacionales y placentarias en embarazadas con diagnóstico de óbito, con y sin infección asintomática por SARS-CoV-2. Tenemos datos insuficientes para afirmar alguna característica asociada a óbito en pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2 asintomática.

Abstract Objective: To compare population characteristics and placental findings associated with stillbirth, in women with asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection at the time of delivery. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study women with a diagnosis of stillbirth and with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with gynecological pathology and those with more than one RT-PCR test were excluded. Results: There is no statistically significant difference between patients with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to patients without infection for population characteristics such as maternal age, obstetric history, gestational age, education, marital status, smoking habit, chronic-degenerative diseases. There was no difference in placental findings of chorioamnionitis, vasculitis, deciduitis, thrombosis, acute atherosis, and fibrinoid necrosis. Conclusions: There is no statistically significant difference in the population and placental characteristics, in pregnant women diagnosed with stillbirth with and without confirmed asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. For the moment, we have insufficient data to affirm any population characteristic associated with stillbirth in patients with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Experiências de luto parental após um natimorto: uma síntese temática no contexto da América Latina / Parental grieving experiences after stillbirth: a thematic synthesis in the context of Latin America

OBJETIVO: Sintetizar estudos qualitativos sobre as experiências de luto após um natimorto em pais que vivem na América Latina. MÉTODO: Revisão sistemática qualitativa realizada em quatro bases de dados eletrônica e que utilizou o Guideline Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ). A qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada usando o Critical Appraisal Skills Programme e uma síntese temática foi realizada. RESULTADOS: Um total de 110 estudos foram encontrados e quatro estudos eleitos com base nos critérios de elegibilidade. Quatro temas apresentam a experiência de luto parental: impacto, sofrimento e transformação após a morte fetal; preocupação com o corpo do bebê falecido; insatisfação com a qualidade da assistência em saúde; e família e religião como principais fontes de apoio. CONCLUSÃO: A natimortalidade na América Latina precisa ser explorada em pesquisas futuras e ainda é marcada pela desassistência no processo de luto.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize qualitative studies on Latin American parents' grieving experiences after a stillbirth. METHOD: A systematic qualitative review was conducted in four electronic databases using the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) guideline. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, and a thematic synthesis was performed. RESULTS: One hundred ten studies were found, and four were chosen based on the eligibility criteria. Four themes were identified concerning the experience of parental grieving: impact, suffering, and transformation after fetal death; preoccupation with the deceased baby's body; dissatisfaction with the quality of health care; and family and religion as the primary sources of support. CONCLUSION: Stillbirth in Latin America must be explored in future research, and a lack of assistance still marks the grieving process.

Fatores clínicos e obstétricos de óbitos fetais em uma maternidade de alto risco / Clinical and obstetric factors of fetal death in a high-risk maternity

Objetivo: Caracterizar os fatores clínicos e obstétricos de mulheres que tiveram diagnóstico de óbito fetal em uma maternidade escola de alto risco. Metodologia: estudo de abordagem quantitativa, de corte transversal e caráter descritivo exploratório. Foram incluídos 354 prontuários de mulheres admitidas com diagnóstico e óbito fetal entre janeiro de 2018 a janeiro de 2022. Analisou-se os dados a partir da distribuição de frequências absolutas e relativas (%). Resultados: A idade média das participantes foi de 26 anos. A maioria era primípara sem perdas fetais prévias. Hipóxia Fetal Intraútero foi a causa de óbito mais frequente (17,8%). Conclusão: O óbito fetal intraútero ainda é um diagnóstico que requer mais visibilidade por parte do sistema de saúde. Foi constatada a deficiência dos registros em prontuário de dados importantes, ressaltando a necessidade de promover treinamento e capacitação para os profissionais que realizam assistência

Objective: To characterize the clinical and obstetric factors of women who were diagnosed with fetal death in a high-risk maternity hospital. Methodology: cross-sectional, analytical and retrospective study, carried out in a high-risk maternity hospital in the Central Region of Goiás. A total of 354 medical records of women admitted with a diagnosis and fetal death between January 2018 and January 2022 were included. Data were analyzed based on the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies (%). Results: The average age of the participants was 26 years old. Most were primiparous without previous fetal losses. Intrauterine Fetal Hypoxia was the most frequent cause of death (17.8%). Conclusion: Intrauterine fetal death is still a diagnosis that requires more visibility from the health system. It was verified the deficiency of records in medical records of important data, emphasizing the need to promote training and qualification for professionals who perform assistance

Comportamiento de la sífilis gestacional y congénita en Colombia (2014-2021). Análisis ecológico, georreferenciado por departamentos / Behavior of gestational and congenital syphilis in Colombia between 2014-2021. Ecological analysis, geo-referenced at the departmental level

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir el comportamiento de la sífilis gestacional y congénita en Colombia, con un análisis ecológico georreferenciado de la infección por departamentos, durante el periodo 2014-2021. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal, descriptivo y ecológico basado en fuentes secundarias de información. Para el análisis se calculó la tasa de sífilis gestacional y sífilis congénita como medidas globales para cada uno de los departamentos. La información se extrajo de los boletines epidemiológicos semanales y de los reportes anuales publicados por el Instituto Nacional de Salud 2014-2021. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de sífilis congénita en Colombia ( 2014-2021) se cuadruplicó: pasó de 0.9 x 1000 nacidos vivos en el año 2014 a 3.3 x 1000 en el año 2021, con una tasa de incidencia promedio de sífilis congénita de 1.7 por mil nacimientos. Este mismo comportamiento tuvo la sífilis gestacional, con tasas de entre 5.1 (2014) y 17.1 x 1000 nacidos vivos (2021). La proporción de casos de sífilis congénita-gestacional pasó de 17.1% en 2014 a 20.8% en 2015, lo que representa un aumento de 12.3% en este indicador. CONCLUSIONES: Ante el aumento en la incidencia de sífilis gestacional y congénita en Colombia, se hace evidente la necesidad de plantear estrategias diferentes a las que actualmente están en marcha en los programas de eliminación de esas infecciones.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the behavior of gestational and congenital syphilis in Colombia, with a georeferenced ecological analysis of infection by department, during the period 2014 to 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and ecological study based on secondary sources of information. For the analysis, the rate of gestational syphilis and congenital syphilis were calculated as global measures for each of the departments. The information was extracted from the weekly epidemiological bulletins and annual reports published by the National Institute of Health 2014-2021. RESULTS: The incidence of congenital syphilis in Colombia ( 2014-2021) quadrupled: it went from 0.9 x 1000 live births in 2014 to 3.3 x 1000 in 2021, with an average incidence rate of congenital syphilis of 1.7 per thousand births. This same behavior had gestational syphilis, with rates between 5.1 (2014) and 17.1 x 1000 live births (2021). The proportion of congenital-gestational syphilis cases increased from 17.1% in 2014 to 20.8% in 2015, representing a 12.3% increase in this indicator. CONCLUSIONS: Given the increase in the incidence of gestational and congenital syphilis in Colombia, the need to propose strategies different from those currently in place in the programs for the elimination of these infections is evident.

Nudo verdadero como causa de taquicardia fetal persistente Reporte de un caso / True Knot as a Cause of Persistent Fetal Tachycardia. Case Report

Resumen Las anomalías del cordón umbilical están asociadas a efectos adversos durante el embarazo. El nudo verdadero del cordón umbilical está presente en el 0.3-2.1% de los embarazos y se ha asociado a muerte fetal. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se incluye, la edad materna, índice de masa corporal (IMC) elevado, multiparidad, trastornos hipertensivos, tabaquismo, polihidramnios, diabetes gestacional, sexo masculino del feto y otras malformaciones. El diagnóstico prenatal del nudo verdadero es raro y un desafío. La mayoría se diagnostica durante el nacimiento y sólo el 0.08% de los nudos verdaderos son diagnosticados de manera prenatal. El registro cardiotocográfico puede registrar trazos no tranquilizadores que reflejan que hay un estrés hipóxico o mecánico que interrumpe la oxigenación fetal. El objetivo de este reporte es mostrar un caso de nudo verdadero del cordón umbilical que presentó taquicardia fetal persistente durante el trabajo de parto con terminación del embarazo vía vaginal.

Abstract Umbilical cord abnormalities are associated with adverse effects during pregnancy. The true umbilical cord knot is present in 0.3-2.1% of pregnancies and has been associated with fetal death. Risk factors include maternal age, high BMI, multiparity, hypertensive disorders, smoking, polyhydramnios, gestational diabetes, male sex of the fetus, and other malformations. Prenatal diagnosis of the true knot is rare and challenging. Most are diagnosed at birth and only 0.08% of true knots are diagnosed prenatally. Non-reassuring cardiotocography traces may be present, reflecting hypoxic or mechanical stress disrupting fetal oxygenation. The aim of this case report is to present a case of true umbilical cord knot presenting with persistent fetal tachycardia during labor, resolved by vaginal delivery.

Maternal & perinatal outcome of fever in pregnancy in the context of dengue - A retrospective observational study

Background & objectives: Pregnant women with dengue infection may be at increased risk of adverse maternal-foetal outcomes. This study was conducted to assess the maternal and perinatal outcomes in women who presented with fever and diagnosed to have dengue infection during pregnancy. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on pregnant women admitted with fever, in a tertiary referral centre in South India, during January 2015 to December 2018. We compared outcomes of women diagnosed with dengue with that of women without dengue. The study outcomes included pre-term birth, stillbirth, low-birth weight (LBW), maternal mortality and thrombocytopenia. Results: During the study period, there were six maternal deaths following complications from dengue infection. Higher rates of thrombocytopenia (24.7% vs. 14.6%, P=0.02) were noted among those with recent dengue infection. The risk of still birth was 2.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09, 6.57], LBW [risk ratio (RR) 1.13, 95% CI 0.87, 1.45] and pre-term birth (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.89, 1.97) among the cases. Interpretation & conclusions: Occurrence of adverse maternal and foetal outcomes was increased in pregnant women with fever diagnosed with dengue infection. Future studies are needed to formulate the optimum monitoring and treatment strategies in pregnant women, where dengue can have additive adverse effects to other obstetric complications.

EVALUATION OF VARIOUS RISK FACTORS OF PERINATAL MORTALITY IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL, AP

Background- It is important to know various maternal risk factors which lead to adverse perinatal outcome and enable us to form some strategies to reach our goals to reduce the perinatal deaths. Aims and Objectives of the study: is to evaluate the causes and risk factor for perinatal deaths in a tertiary institute and form strategies and protocols in our hospital to reduce perinatal deaths Prospective study Material and Methods- Study design: This study was conducted at OBGYN department, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada done during the period of 1.01.2021 to 31.12.2021. All antenatal women admitted in labor room and antenatal wards were studied by means of a preformed proforma and viewed their outcome. In all cases of perinatal deaths risk factors were analysed in detail. - Results Total number of deliveries in the hospital were 9698. Out of which the perinatal deaths studied were 568 [5.85%]. Among these 252 [44%] were IUFD/ Still births and 316 [56%] were early neonatal deaths. In these cases of deaths 121 cases were Respiratory distress syndrome mostly due to prematurity, 82 birth asphyxia, 79 sepsis. The results were presented as percentages, rates and proportions. The results are compared with 5 studies and WHO standards. All studies had similar percentage except Philippine study 3 showed very low PNMR. [3][1,2,47] Analysis of perinatal deaths is important as it is an important index of Conclusion: antenatal care and quality of new born care in an institution

Hiperenrollamiento con torsión del cordón umbilical como causa de muerte fetal: reporte de caso / Hypercoiled umbilical cord torsion as a cause of fetal death: case report

Resumen La torsión del cordón umbilical como causa de muerte fetal es rara, con pocos casos reportados. No se conoce con claridad la causa y se presenta principalmente en el segundo trimestre de embarazo. Los factores de riesgo descritos son la longitud del cordón umbilical y el aumento del número de giros. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 37 años, grávida 2, para 1 con embarazo de 23 semanas, con hallazgo ecográfico de muerte fetal. En el estudio de histopatología se evidenció el cordón umbilical con hiperenrollamiento y torsión a nivel de la unión feto-umbilical con oclusión de la luz de los vasos umbilicales como causa de muerte fetal. Se requiere la investigación de esta patología para determinar los factores de riesgo y el riesgo de recurrencia en futuros embarazos con el fin de establecer métodos de vigilancia fetal antenatal.

Abstract Torsion of the umbilical cord as a cause of fetal death is a rare occurrence, with few reported cases. The cause is not clearly known, and it transpires mainly in the second trimester of pregnancy; the risk factors described are the length of the umbilical cord with increased number of twists. The case of a 37-year-old woman is reported, gravida 2 para 1, 23 weeks pregnant with ultrasound diagnosis of fetal death. Histopathology revealed hypercoiled umbilical cord torsion at the point where the umbilical cord attaches to the fetus, with occlusion of the lumen of the umbilical vein, as a cause of fetal death. Further research of this pathology is required to determine the risk factors and risk of recurrence in future pregnancies that will allow the preparation of antenatal fetal surveillance methods.

Abordagem psicossocial às perdas gestacionais na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Psychosocial approach to pregnancy loss in primary health care / Abordaje psicosocial de las pérdidas gestacionales en Atención Primaria de Salud

Introdução: Perdas gestacionais são eventos comuns na vida reprodutiva. Tendo em vista a dificuldade individual e profissional de lidar com o sofrimento mental que ocasionam, indaga-se sobre a escolha da técnica, a periodicidade e o modo de execução das abordagens que melhor se adequariam ao enfrentamento dessa situação. Sendo assim, esta revisão clínica tem como objetivo avaliar a literatura recente acerca do tema e buscar as melhores evidências científicas em relação à abordagem psicossocial a essas perdas. Métodos: Foram utilizadas palavras-chave determinadas pelo Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) para selecionar títulos de estudos nas bases de dados: PubMed, ACCESSSS, British Medical Journal (BMJ), DYNAMED, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Os critérios de inclusão foram: ano de publicação entre 2010 e 2020; tipo de estudo (metanálise, revisão sistemática, ensaio clínico randomizado, ensaio clínico não randomizado, coorte ou caso controle); não abordar abortamento induzido; estar em inglês, português ou espanhol; ser passível de ser encontrado na íntegra. Resultados: Foram encontrados 28 artigos, que tiveram seus resumos avaliados; 14 foram excluídos e 14 lidos na íntegra. No fim, nove estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Foi possível observar que sintomas psicológicos são frequentemente apresentados após perdas gestacionais, que há diversas maneiras de acessar esses dados e que não há consenso sobre qual a melhor intervenção a ser feita. Além disso, em homens e casais homossexuais, há maior chance de invisibilidade do sofrimento e menor abordagem de luto por profissionais de saúde. Conclusão: Na falta de consenso sobre quais intervenções apresentam melhores resultados, recomenda-se o rastreamento de sofrimento mental e o compartilhamento da decisão com as partes envolvidas.

Introduction: Pregnancy losses are common events in reproductive life. In view of the individual and professional difficulty of dealing with the mental suffering that they cause, we question the choice of technique, the regularity and the way of carrying out approaches that would be better suited to cope with this situation. Therefore, this clinical review aimed to assess the recent literature and seek the best scientific evidence about the psychosocial approach to these losses. Methods: Keywords determined by MeSH were used to select study titles in the databases PUBMED, ACCESSSS, BMJ, DYNAMED, EBM and LILACS. The inclusion criteria were: year of publication between 2010-2020; study type (meta-analysis, systematic review, randomized clinical trial, non-randomized clinical trial and cohort or control case); induced abortion not addressed; written in English, Portuguese or Spanish; and found in full text. Results: Twenty-eight articles were found and their abstracts were evaluated, where 14 were excluded and 14 were read in full. In the end, 9 studies were included in this review. It was observed that psychological symptoms are frequently presented after pregnancy losses, that there are several ways to access these data and that there is no consensus on the best intervention. In addition, in men and homosexual couples, there is a greater chance of making suffering invisible and a lesser mourning approach by health professionals. Conclusion: In the absence of consensus on which interventions have the best results, it is recommended to screen for mental suffering and share the decision with the parties involved.

Introducción: Las pérdidas de embarazos son eventos comunes en la vida reproductiva. Ante la dificultad individual y profesional de afrontar el sufrimiento mental provocado, nos cuestionamos la técnica, la periodicidad y la forma de los mejores abordajes a afrontar esta situación. Por lo tanto, esta revisión clínica tiene como objetivo evaluar la literatura reciente y buscar la mejor evidencia científica sobre el abordaje psicosocial de estas pérdidas. Métodos: Se utilizaron palabras clave determinadas por MeSH para seleccionar los títulos de los estudios en las bases de datos: PUBMED, ACCESSSS, BMJ, DYNAMED, EBM, LILACS. Criterios de inclusión fueron: año de publicación entre 2010-2020; tipo de estudio (metaanálisis, revisión sistemática, ensayo clínico aleatorizado, ensayo clínico no aleatorizado, cohorte o caso de control); no abordar el aborto inducido; estar en inglés, portugués o español; posible encontrar en su totalidad. Resultados: Se encontraron 28 artículos, se evaluaron sus resúmenes, se excluyeron 14 y se leyeron 14 completamente. Al final, se incluyeron 9 estudios. Se pudo observar que los síntomas psicológicos se presentan con frecuencia después de las pérdidas del embarazo, que existen varias formas de acceder a estos datos y que no existe consenso sobre la mejor intervención. Además, en los hombres y las parejas homosexuales existe una mayor posibilidad de invisibilizar el sufrimiento y un menor enfoque de duelo por parte de los profesionales. Conclusión: En ausencia de consenso sobre qué intervenciones tienen los mejores resultados, se recomienda realizar un seguimiento del sufrimiento mental y compartir la decisión con las partes involucradas.

A Critical Assessment of Stillbirths at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Globally in 2015, 2.6 million stillbirths occurred with estimated stillbirth rate (SBR) of 18.4/1000 births. India is the world capital of stillbirth accounting for 22.6% of world’s stillbirths. Objectives: The objective of the study is to study the demographic profile of women experiencing stillbirth, to understand the risk factors for stillbirth in low resource settings, and to find the etiology of stillbirth so as to facilitate designing of a stillbirth prevention strategy. Methods: This was a cross?sectional observational study done at a tertiary care hospital of Delhi from June 2017 to December 2019. All babies delivered after 20 weeks of gestation showing no sign of life after birth were considered stillborn. Prestructured proforma was filled for each case and data were analyzed. Results: A total of 50,461 births took place during the study period, out of which 1824 were stillborn, making SBR of 36.15/1000 births of our institution. Most of the women belonged to age group 21–25 years and more than 50% of women were illiterate. Twenty?nine percent of women were completely unbooked, 48% were referred from other centers and 23% were registered at our hospital. Placental causes accounted for 22%, hypertension for 23%, and labor complications for 9% of cases while in 22% cases, cause could not be found. Conclusion: Stillbirth remains a neglected issue. A significant proportion of stillbirths are preventable by adequate antenatal care. Notification of stillbirths will give us the exact figures and realization of the seriousness of the problem which will help us work towards the solutions.

Experiencias del personal de enfermería ante la muerte perinatal / Experiences of the Nursing Personnel in the Face of Perinatal Death

Introducción: Los profesionales de la salud se encuentran preparados principalmente para recibir vida, por lo cual, brindar cuidados a las mujeres con pérdidas durante la gestación o al inicio de la vida se torna una tarea difícil, cargada de sentimientos y emociones. La muerte perinatal es una situación compleja que tiene un fuerte impacto en las mujeres-madres y en sus familias. Objetivo: Analizar la literatura existente referente a estudios sobre las experiencias del personal de enfermería ante una muerte perinatal. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCO, CINAHL, Scopus, SciELO y Dianet de febrero a abril del 2020. Los términos de búsqueda utilizados fueron "mortinato", "muerte perinatal", "enfermería" y "experiencias". Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés y español, publicados de 2005 a 2020. Como estrategia de búsqueda se utilizó el diagrama de flujo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), como resultado inicial se obtuvieron 476 artículos, de los cuales, 14 fueron seleccionados por cumplir los criterios de selección. Conclusiones: Las experiencias de los profesionales de enfermería que documentan los estudios recopilados y analizados enfatizan la necesidad de mejorar la formación profesional para acompañar el duelo, así como las estrategias de comunicación y acompañamiento. Las investigaciones reportan experiencias contradictorias, que van desde considerar las pérdidas perinatales como situaciones difíciles de tratar, hasta percepciones positivas que describen como un privilegio u honor el acompañamiento en esos momentos difíciles para las mujeres-madres y sus seres queridos(AU)

Introduction: Health professionals are primarily trained to receive life; therefore, providing care for women with offspring or newborn loss becomes a difficult task, fraught with feelings and emotions. Perinatal death is a complex situation with a strong impact on women-mothers and their families. Objective: To analyze the existing literature regarding studies on the experiences of the nursing personnel in the face of perinatal death. Methods: To carry out the systematic review of the literature, a search was made in the PubMed, EBSCO, CINAHL, Scopus, SciELO and Dianet databases, from February to April 2020. The search terms used were mortinato [stillbirth], muerte perinatal [perinatal death], enfermería [nursing] and experiencias [experiences]. Articles in English and Spanish, published from 2005 to 2020, were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart was used as search strategy. As an initial result, 476 articles were obtained, fourteen of which were selected because they met the selection criteria. Conclusions: The experiences of nursing professionals documented in the collected and analyzed studies emphasize the necessity to improve professional training to accompany bereavement, as well as communication and accompaniment strategies. The analyzed researches report contradictory experiences, ranging from considering perinatal losses as difficult situations to deal with, to positive perceptions that describe, as a privilege or honor, accompaniment in these difficult moments for women-mothers and their loved ones(AU)

Grief and ruminative thought after perinatal loss among Turkish women: one-year cohort study

Abstract BACKGROUND: Among women who have suffered loss of pregnancy, the level of grief decreases gradually. Age, mental health status and childlessness are the factors known to mostly affect women's levels of grief. OBJECTIVES: To assess the levels of grief among women who experienced perinatal loss and the changes in their ruminative thought styles over the first year after their loss. DESIGN AND SETTING: One-year follow-up study carried out in a university hospital in Turkey. METHODS: The study population included 70 women who experienced loss of pregnancy in the hospital. The sample size was calculated using G*Power V3.1. Data were collected at 48 hours, at the third month, at the sixth month and at one year after pregnancy loss, between June 2018 and June 2019. A personal information form, the Perinatal Grief Scale and the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire were used for data collection. RESULTS: The women's highest levels of grief and ruminative thought style were in the first 48 hours. Their tendency towards grief and ruminative thought styles decreased over the repeated measurements during the follow-up. Women aged 20-29 years had the highest levels of grief at the third month after perinatal loss. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing assessments regarding grief and ruminative thought style over the first 48 hours after perinatal loss should be integrated into nursing care for these women. Grief follow-up programs for these women can be developed through nursing research.

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses / Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e morte perinatal em equinos

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses were investigated in the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) from 2000 to 2015. In this period, 107 cases were analyzed using macroscopic, microscopic, and complementary tests. Of these, 77 were aborted fetuses, 16 were stillbirths, and 14 were perinatal deaths. Conclusive diagnosis was established in 42.8% of the fetuses analyzed, with 28.6% classified as infectious origin, 9.1% as non-infectious, and 5.1% as other. Bacterial infections, especially those related to Streptococcus spp. were the most frequently observed. In stillborn foals, diagnosis was established in 62.5% of cases, and 50% of these were related to non-infectious causes, such as dystocia and birth traumas. As for perinatal mortality, a conclusive diagnosis was reached in 78.57% of cases, and infectious causes associated with bacterial infections accounted for 64.1% of these diagnoses.

Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos foram investigadas no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) durante o período de 2000 a 2015. Nesse período, foram analisados 107 casos através de exames macroscópico, microscópico e exames complementares, desses 77 correspondiam a fetos abortados, 16 natimortos e 14 mortes perinatais. Diagnóstico conclusivo foi estabelecido em 42,8% dos fetos analisados e classificados como origem infecciosa em 28,6% dos casos, não infecciosa com 9,1% e outros com 5,1% dos casos. As infecções bacterianas, em especial as relacionadas a Streptococcus spp. foram as mais frequentemente observadas. Em potros natimortos, diagnostico foi estabelecido em 62,5% dos casos, e destes, 50% foram relacionados a causas não infecciosas, como distocia e traumas durante o parto. Quanto a mortalidade perinatal, em 78,57% dos casos houve um diagnostico conclusivo, e as causas infecciosas associadas a infecções bacterianas corresponderam a 64,1% desses diagnósticos.

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses / Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e morte perinatal em equinos

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses were investigated in the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) from 2000 to 2015. In this period, 107 cases were analyzed using macroscopic, microscopic, and complementary tests. Of these, 77 were aborted fetuses, 16 were stillbirths, and 14 were perinatal deaths. Conclusive diagnosis was established in 42.8% of the fetuses analyzed, with 28.6% classified as infectious origin, 9.1% as non-infectious, and 5.1% as other. Bacterial infections, especially those related to Streptococcus spp. were the most frequently observed. In stillborn foals, diagnosis was established in 62.5% of cases, and 50% of these were related to non-infectious causes, such as dystocia and birth traumas. As for perinatal mortality, a conclusive diagnosis was reached in 78.57% of cases, and infectious causes associated with bacterial infections accounted for 64.1% of these diagnoses.(AU)

Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos foram investigadas no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) durante o período de 2000 a 2015. Nesse período, foram analisados 107 casos através de exames macroscópico, microscópico e exames complementares, desses 77 correspondiam a fetos abortados, 16 natimortos e 14 mortes perinatais. Diagnóstico conclusivo foi estabelecido em 42,8% dos fetos analisados e classificados como origem infecciosa em 28,6% dos casos, não infecciosa com 9,1% e outros com 5,1% dos casos. As infecções bacterianas, em especial as relacionadas a Streptococcus spp. foram as mais frequentemente observadas. Em potros natimortos, diagnostico foi estabelecido em 62,5% dos casos, e destes, 50% foram relacionados a causas não infecciosas, como distocia e traumas durante o parto. Quanto a mortalidade perinatal, em 78,57% dos casos houve um diagnostico conclusivo, e as causas infecciosas associadas a infecções bacterianas corresponderam a 64,1% desses diagnósticos.(AU)

Parto gemelar de 310 días de gestación en yegua con resultado de un potro vivo y otro en estado de autolisis / Twin Delivery of 310 Days of Gestation in a Mare Resulting in One Live Foal and One Autolysed Foal

Resumen Las preñeces gemelares son gestaciones de alto riesgo, tanto para la yegua como para ambos fetos. Hoy en día existen diferentes técnicas para evitar el avance de este tipo de eventos, tanto en sus inicios como en gestaciones avanzadas. Aun así, existen múltiples casos de gestaciones dobles que presentan diferentes resultados ya evidenciados. En este caso se reportó una yegua de raza polo argentino de ocho años, que llegó al Centro de Perinatología Equina Foal Care por presentar gestación gemelar de 292 días. Se prolongó la gestación durante dieciocho días más, con ayuda de terapia farmacológica. Finalmente, nació un potro vivo con múltiples complicaciones, incluyendo el hecho de ser un potro prematuro. El segundo potro nació muerto con características de momificación y autolisis. En conclusión, se requirió de un adecuado monitoreo reproductivo por parte del veterinario para prevenir el avance de este tipo de gestación.

Abstract Nowadays, there are different techniques to avoid the progression of this type of events, both in early and advanced gestations. Even so, there are multiple cases of double gestations that present different results already evidenced. In this case, an eight-year-old Argentine polo mare was reported, who arrived at the Foal Care Equine Perinatology Center because she presented a twin gestation of 292 days. The gestation was prolonged for eighteen more days, with the help of pharmacological therapy. Finally, a live foal was born with multiple complications, including being a premature foal. The second foal was stillborn with mummification and autolysis characteristics. In conclusion, adequate reproductive monitoring by the veterinarian was required to prevent the progression of this type of gestation.

Muerte fetal por infección bacteriana ascendente: método diagnóstico, una revisión narrativa. ¿Por qué el método que incluye estudio placentario, evaluación de datos clínicos y de laboratorio es eficiente en identificar la infección bacteriana ascendente como causa de muerte fetal? / Fetal death from ascending bacterial infection: diagnostic method, a narrative review. Why is the method that includes placental study, evaluation of clinical and laboratory data efficient in identifying ascending bacterial infection as the cause of fetal death?

Resumen Esta revisión narrativa incluye estudios publicados sobre métodos de clasificación de mortinatos y su eficiencia para identificar la infección bacteriana ascendente (IBA) como causa de muerte fetal (MF), mediante búsqueda en PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Scielo. Muchos niños mueren antes de nacer en todo el mundo y no se ha logrado reducir la MF porque los métodos empleados no han sido los adecuados y porque no se diagnostica la IBA, la causa más frecuente de MF en un hospital público de Chile. Los sistemas que utilizan los datos clínicos, de laboratorio y estudio placentarios, INCODE, CORM, son los más eficientes para identificar la IBA como origen de la MF. Se ha demostrado que los marcadores específicos de infección/inflamación placentaria, corioamnionitis histológica/funisitis aguda son de mayor eficiencia para diagnosticar la IBA que la autopsia fetal, que el cultivo de líquido amniótico es más eficiente que el cultivo de la placenta para detectar invasión microbiana de la cavidad amniótica y que la muestra de sangre de cordón es eficiente para el diagnóstico etiológico de la infección. El conocimiento de la IBA como causa inicial de MF, ayuda a elaborar guías y normas de prevención de la MF por esta condición.

Abstract This narrative review includes published studies of stillbirth classification methods and their efficiency in identifying ascending bacterial infection (ABI), as a cause of fetal death (FD), by searching PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Scielo. Many children die before birth around the world and it has not been possible to reduce FD because the methods used have not been adequate and because ABI, the most frequent cause of FD in a public hospital in Chile, is not diagnosed. Systems using clinical, laboratory and placental study data, INCODE, CORM, are more efficient in identifying ABI as the origin of FD. Specific markers of infection/placental inflammation, histologic chorioamnionitis/acute funitis have been shown to be more efficient in diagnosing ABI than fetal autopsy, that amniotic fluid culture is more efficient than placental culture for detect microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and that the cord blood sample is efficient for the etiological diagnosis of the infection. The knowledge of the ABI as the initial cause of FD helps to develop guidelines and norms for preventing FD due to this condition.

A perspectiva de profissionais de saúde sobre os partos de natimortos / La perspectiva de los profesionales de salud sobre partos de nacidos muertos / The perspective of healthcare professionals on birth of stillborn

Resumo Profissionais que atuam em hospitais/maternidades enfrentam muitos desafios no atendimento a mulheres que estão vivenciando óbitos fetais, isso porque o habitual nesses locais é lidar com nascimento e vida. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a perspectiva de profissionais de saúde sobre o parto e o pós-parto de mulheres com diagnóstico de óbito fetal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa orientada pela perspectiva construcionista; foram realizadas entrevistas semidirigidas com profissionais que atuam em um hospital/maternidade do estado de São Paulo. A análise discursiva indicou que as/os profissionais de saúde se identificam com o luto das mulheres e das famílias, mas não conseguem se aproximar delas e oferecer intervenções terapêuticas para além da medicalização. Desse modo, é fundamental investir na formação profissional para lidar com a morte, nos cursos de graduação em saúde e nos de educação continuada, nas maternidades e casas de parto.

Resumen Los profesionales que trabajan en hospitales / maternidades enfrentan muchos desafíos en el cuidado de mujeres que están sufriendo muerte fetal, porque lo que se acostumbra en estos lugares es lidiar con el nacimiento y la vida. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue comprender la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud sobre el parto y el puerperio de las mujeres diagnosticadas de muerte fetal. Es una investigación cualitativa guiada por la perspectiva construccionista, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales que laboran en un hospital / maternidad del estado de São Paulo. El análisis discursivo indicó que los profesionales de la salud se identifican con el duelo de las mujeres y las familias, pero son incapaces de acercarse a ellas y ofrecer intervenciones terapéuticas más allá de la medicalización. Por ello, es fundamental invertir en formación profesional para afrontar la muerte, en cursos de pregrado en salud y en educación continua, en maternidades y centros de nacimientos.

Abstract Professionals working in maternity hospitals face many challenges in the care of women who are experiencing fetal deaths, because the usual in these places is to deal with birth and life. In this context, the aim of this study was to understand the perspective of health professionals about the labor and postpartum of the women diagnosed with fetal death. This is a qualitative research guided by the constructionist perspective; semi-directed interviews were conducted with professionals working in a maternity hospital in the state of São Paulo. The discursive analysis indicated that health professionals understand the mourning of the women and families, but cannot approach them and offer therapeutic interventions beyond medicalization. This way, it is essential to invest in training actions to deal with death, in undergraduate health courses and in those of continuing education in maternity hospitals and birth centers.

Experiências de mulheres com doença falciforme que vivenciaram perdas gestacionais / Experiencias de mujeres con anemia falciforme que pasaron por pérdidas gestacionales / Experiences of women with sickle cell disease who experienced pregnancy losses

Resumo Objetivo Compreender as experiências das mulheres com doença falciforme diante de perdas gestacionais provocadas por aborto espontâneo e natimorto. Métodos Trata-se de estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com 20 mulheres diagnosticadas com doença falciforme e atendidas em um ambulatório de referência do município de Salvador-BA. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no período de julho a setembro de 2017, através de entrevista semiestruturada e a análise foi realizada utilizando-se o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados Os resultados indicam 4 eixos centrais: o estado emocional das mulheres é alterado no processo do abortamento espontâneo; Após tudo preparado para o nascimento, veio a perda com o feto natimorto; O apoio do companheiro e da família, gera forças para suportar o processo de perda; A ausência de equipe qualificada e o racismo institucional intensificam os sentimentos no processo de perda. Conclusão Conclui-se que a dor vivida na experiência e a crise imediatamente instalada na vida dessas mulheres são pouco acolhidas pelo sistema de saúde e sentidas como não vistas pela sociedade. Elas sentem a necessidade de que exista mais alguém que compreenda sua dor e não apenas as que tenham passado por uma experiência igual.

Resumen Objetivo Comprender las experiencias de las mujeres con anemia falciforme ante pérdidas gestacionales provocadas por aborto espontáneo y mortinato. Métodos Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, con enfoque cualitativo, llevado a cabo con 20 mujeres diagnosticadas con anemia falciforme y atendidas en consultorios externos de referencia del municipio de Salvador, estado de Bahia. La recopilación de datos se realizó en el período de julio a septiembre de 2017 mediante entrevista semiestructurada, y el análisis se realizó utilizando el Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados Los resultados indican cuatro ejes centrales: El estado emocional de las mujeres se ve alterado en el proceso del aborto espontáneo; Después de tener todo preparado para el nacimiento, ocurrió la pérdida con el feto mortinato; El apoyo del compañero y de la familia genera fuerzas para sobrellevar el proceso de la pérdida; La ausencia de un equipo calificado y el racismo institucional intensifican los sentimientos en el proceso de pérdida. Conclusión Se concluye que el dolor vivido durante la experiencia y la crisis inmediatamente instalada en la vida de estas mujeres tienen poca contención por parte del sistema de salud y parece que no son vistos por la sociedad. Ellas sienten la necesidad de que exista alguien más que comprenda su dolor, no solo las personas que pasaron por la misma experiencia.

Abstract Objective To understand the experiences of women with sickle cell disease in the face of pregnancy losses caused by spontaneous and stillborn abortion. Methods This is a descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach, developed with 20 women diagnosed with sickle cell disease and treated at a reference clinic in the city of Salvador-BA. Data collection was carried out from July to September 2017, through semi-structured interviews and analysis was performed using the Discourse of the Collective Subject. Results The results indicate 4 central axes: Women's emotional status is altered in the process of spontaneous abortion; After everything was prepared for birth, loss came with a stillborn fetus; Partner and family support generates strength to support the loss process; The absence of a qualified team and institutional racism intensify feelings in the loss process. Conclusion It is concluded that the pain experienced in the experience and the crisis immediately installed in the lives of these women are little welcomed by the health system and felt as not seen by society. They feel the need for someone else who understands their pain and not just those who have had an equal experience.

Intrauterine fetal death associated socio-demographic factors and obstetric causes: a retrospective study

Background: The death of a fetus is emotionally traumatic for the parents. It is also distressing for the treating obstetrician. Besides being emotionally challenging, fetal demise raises a lot of questions and increases an obstetrician’s medicolegal risk. The aim of this study was to identify various maternal conditions and socio-demographic factors associated with fetal death and to find the preventable causes of fetal death.Methods: A retrospective observational study was undertaken at Lalla Ded Hospital, Srinagar, Kashmir - a tertiary care centre. The cases of singleton intrauterine fetal deaths (IUFD) with either ultrasound reports proving IUFD or diagnosed on clinical examination by absence of fetal heart sound with gestational age >28 weeks were included. Exclusion criteria includes molar pregnancy and multiple pregnancy.Results: Still birth rate in our study was 19.6 per 1000. Most of the patients with stillbirth belonged to age group of 21-30 years accounting for 67.1% of all cases. Unbooked cases comprised of 58.9%. Most of the study patients i.e. 74.7% belonged to lower middle class. In our study 39% of stillbirth cases were in the range of 28-32 gestational weeks followed by 33.6% cases in 33-37 gestational weeks. Maternal hypertensive disorders had a strong association with IUFD 33.6% (pre-eclampsia 27.4%, eclampsia 6.2%). This was followed by placental abruption comprising 11.7%. Gestational diabetes and severe anaemia accounted for 6.2% and 3.4% respectively. Gross congenital anomalies and fetal infections contributed 2.7% and 2% respectively.Conclusions: Routine antenatal checkups with identification of high risk pregnancies, better access to emergency obstetric care especially during labor, emphasis on institutional deliveries community birth attendant training should help in reducing stillbirth rates in developing countries. Optimal evaluation for future pregnancy is necessary. Counseling and support group should be involved.